IDRiM 2015 Conference

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IDRiM 2015 Conference

Disaster Risk Reduction:
Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Growth


Dates: 28‐30 October 2015
Venue: Scope Convention Centre, New Delhi, India

The 6th Conference of the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM 2015), entitled “Disaster Risk Reduction: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Growth” will be held at the Scope Convention Centre, Scope Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, India, on October 28-30, 2015.

The conference is hosted by Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TAIFAC), in New Delhi, India. The conference is being supported by several national and international organizations including the School of Planning and Architecture (New Delhi), the Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) (Japan), and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Austria).

TIFAC is an autonomous body set up under the Department of Science and Technology in 1988 as a Technology Think Tank. TIFAC is mandated to assess the state-of the art technology and set directions for future technological development in India in important socio-economic sectors.
This collaborative three day conference aims to develop a comprehensive roadmap on a regional framework for earthquake, flood, extreme weather and other natural hazard triggered disaster risk management. India is going through a period of economic growth, with its many benefits as well as challenges. This is also a period that presents opportunities to introduce DRR practices in support of sustainable growth. The conference will endorse mechanisms for strengthening collaboration between research and knowledge-based institutions as well as practitioners in the region. The conference also evolves strategy for training, capacity development on the importance of disaster countermeasures and response preparedness in the region leading to effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies and implementation of related projects at regional levels.

This event will have multiple tracks including plenary talks, panel discussions, parallel sessions, and poster/oral presentations during the annual ‘Young Scientists Session (YSS). The conference provides recognition to the best YSS oral and poster presentation. The Award Ceremony will be held during the conference. A full set of double blind peer reviewed proceedings will be produced with special editions of journals. The main themes and subthemes of the conference include:

  1. Natural and Technological Hazards: Forecasting & Early Warning Systems
    a. Earthquake Hazard Assessment & Microzonation
    b. Cyclones & Track Predictions
    c. Flood and Draught Estimation
    d. Effects & impacts of Climate Change
    e. Hazard Modeling and Forecasting
    f. Weather & climate extreme Forecasting
    g. Storm Surge Modeling
    h. Landslide Hazard Zonation
    i. Snow Hydrology
    j. Natech Hazards: Modeling and Analysis
  2. Growth, Environment and Disasters
    a. Development and Disasters
    b. Water resource management
    c. Growth and Gaps in Infrastructure Development
    d. Industrialization, Land use and Technological Hazards
    e. Integrated risk governance
    f. Climate change: vulnerability to extreme weather events
    g. Natechs and Community: Area-wide risk management
  3. Disaster Preparedness: Anticipating and minimizing impacts
    a. Structured mitigation measures for various hazards: Scenario development
    b. Socio-economic impacts of disaster
    c. Adaptive management and coping initiatives
    d. Disaster safety nets and financial risk transfer mechanisms
    e. Rapid damage assessment systems
    f. Innovative technology options for the future
    g. Lessons from South Asian disasters
  4. Education and Communication strategies
    a. Capacity Building for DRR (e.g., training, safety and culture, etc.)
    b. Technology tools for assessment and communication including- ICT and satellite technology
    c. Technology tools including ICT and space technology
    d. Resilient communication technologies
    e. Smart sensors
  5. Post Disaster Recovery& Management
    a. Governance issues related to post disaster relief & rescue
    b. Reconstruction & rehabilitation strategies
    c. Societal response & resilience building

Abstracts addressing other topics relevant to integrated disaster risk management will also be considered. We are pleased to announce the call for special session proposals, general session, and YSS abstract submission.

Important Deadlines:

April 30, 2015 Session proposals closing

May 15, 2015 Abstract submission closing for

General/Invited/Young Scientist

May 15, 2015 Notification of abstract acceptance

May 31, 2015 Call for papers and session proposals

Submit at conference@tifac.org.in

July 15, 2015 Full paper submission closes

August 15, 2015 Early bird registration closes

September 15, 2015 Announcement of conference programme

September 30, 2015 Final registration and payment

October 10, 2015 Final programme online now

October 28, 2015 Conference starts

Objectives and scope

India has a highly diversified range of natural features. Its unique geo-climatic conditions make the country among the most vulnerable to natural disasters in the world. Disasters occur with amazing frequency in India and while the society at large has adapted itself to these regular occurrences, the economic and social costs continue to mount year after year. It is highly vulnerable to floods, drought, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, volcanoes, etc. Increasing conflict between human activity and the ecosystem has been quite alarming to global environment causing climatic change, thus leading to increased natural and man-made disasters. This has raised challenging issues for disaster management strategies for future.

The conference will build on opportunities through science and technology to address current issues and reduce risks for future generations. The conference would discuss the linkages among governance issues, decision making and disaster risk reduction policies for mainstreaming DRR into development policy and would identify effective ways of cooperation between the disaster, environment, water and health sectors, and explore examples of networks, cooperation, processes and partnerships. Driven by common objectives of survivability, there is a need to bridge gaps between disaster reduction and development through varied types of science (natural, social and others), technologies and people centric actions. It intends to stimulate a next generation of ideas and actions for disaster management. Whilst the event is focused on three days of intensive internationally supported debates, the event will mark prior and subsequent collaboration between multiple partners.

In addition, lessons learned, best practices and tips would be shared on how to harness the technological power before, during and after disasters.. This conference is hoped to go beyond the awareness and the need to plan the individual components required to develop and implement an effective disaster management plan. It is hoped that at the end of this Conference participants will take home the seriousness, awareness and importance of participative joint efforts needed in situations arising out of calamities caused by natural disasters.

Who should attend the conference?

  • Scientists
  • Teaching Faculty
  • Research Scholar
  • UG/PG Students
  • Planners
  • Government officials
  • National and State level Disaster Management Authorities
  • Industry experts
  • Business officials
  • Policy Makers
  • Non Governmental Organizations

We look forward to your kind confirmation and participation.

Contact:

conference@tifac.org.in

society@idrim.org

IDRiM 2014 Conference

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IDRiM 2014 Conference

Building Disaster Resilient Communities

Dates: 30 October – 1 November 2014

Venue: Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

The 5th Conference of the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM 2014) will be hosted by Western University, in London, Ontario, Canada from 30 October to 1 November 2014. The theme of the conference is “Building Disaster Resilient Communities.”

Conference Overview

The focus of the conference builds on opportunities through science and technology, political will and behaviour change to reduce the risk of disasters for future generations. Knowledge about the nature and context of natural hazards has proliferated, yet the loss of life and property damage due to disasters remains unacceptably high. The disjuncture between existing opportunities and disaster risk management actions is a complex problem. Driven by common objectives, there is a need to bridge gaps and promote integrated, science-based solutions to empower local communities to advance disaster reduction, adapt to climate change and promote sustainable development. The

conference aims to address opportunities for action through varied state of the art contributions from the worlds of disaster science, technology, policy and practice. It is also open to expertise less conventionally recognised within this field. It intends to stimulate a next generation of ideas and actions for disaster reduction.

Cross-cutting Themes

The conference focus solicits papers and sessions informed by cross-cutting themes of disaster risk management, sustainable development, resilience building, vulnerability reduction, risk assessment and governance, risk financing, living with uncertainty, transformative processes, cultural recognition and change, poverty reduction, wellbeing, climate change adaptation, integration science, crisis communication, innovation, communities of practice, and policy including dialogue from different disciplines related to risk management. These cross-cutting themes from academic, policy and practice dialogues will for the purpose of this conference be considered interrelated, mutually informative and key to moving from opportunity to action. The conference focus will be maintained by reflecting on how theory, method and implementation presented by these processes can make a difference to build disaster resilient communities.

Conference topics particularly encouraged

We are keen to receive proposals for papers or sessions relating to the following, though other contributions associated with the conference theme absent from this list will also be considered:

1 Building disaster resilient societies

2 Integrating with climate change and development goals

3 Making cities resilient – case studies and best practices

4 Creating an enabling environment to achieve resilience

5 Emerging tools for integrated disaster management

6 Natech risks and critical infrastructure protection

7 Risk governance frameworks for resilient communities

8 Strategies for (long term) post disaster mitigation measures

Conference Features

The conference will include plenary, parallel, poster, panel, ‘young scientists’ and doctoral sessions. Peer reviewed proceedings will be produced with special editions of journals/book. Several publishers are interested in providing outlets for this event.

Further partnerships and sponsorships in progress.

Dates

March 15, 2014 Call for papers and session proposals. Send to twaddington@iclr.org

March 30, 2014 Opening of registrations

May 15, 2014 Abstract and session proposals closing;

August 15, 2014 Notification of session and abstract acceptance;

August 31, 2014 Announcement of conference programme;

August 31, 2014 Full paper submission and early registration close.

Contacts:

twaddington@iclr.org

society@idrim.org

IDRiM 2013 Conference

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IDRiM 2013

Venue: Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Dates: 4-6 September 2013

The 4th Conference of the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM 2013) together with the Dealing with Disasters International Conference (DwD 2013) will be hosted by Northumbria University in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, from 4th – 6th September 2013. The theme of the conference is “From Opportunity to Action: Bridging the Gap between Disaster Reduction and Development through Science(s), Technology and People Centred Actions.”

DwD / IDRiM 2013 Overview

The focus of the conference builds on opportunities through science and technology, political will and behaviour change to address current crises and reduce risks for future generations. Whilst knowledge about the nature and context of disasters has proliferated, many potential actions for integrated disaster reduction remain far from realised. The disjuncture between existing opportunities and actions both present and anticipated is a complex problem of the disaster and development nexus. Driven by common objectives of survivability, there is a need to bridge gaps between disaster reduction and development through varied types of science (natural, social and others), technologies and people centric actions. This requires ‘smart awareness’, motivation and vision to enable combined disaster reduction and sustainable development at local and global levels. The conference aims to address opportunities for action through varied state of the art contributions from the worlds of disaster science, technology, policy and practice. It is also open to expertise less conventionally recognised within this field. It intends to stimulate a next generation of ideas and actions for disaster reduction.

Cross-cutting Themes

The conference focus solicits papers and sessions informed by cross-cutting themes of disaster management, sustainable development, resilience building, vulnerability reduction, risk assessment and governance, risk financing, living with uncertainty, transformative processes, cultural recognition and change, poverty reduction, wellbeing, climate change adaptation, integration science, disaster communication, innovation, communities of practice, and policy including dialogue from different disciplines related to risk. These cross-cutting themes from academic, policy and practice dialogues will for the purpose of this conference be considered interrelated, mutually informative and key to moving from opportunity to action. The conference focus will be maintained by reflecting on how theory, method and implementation presented by these processes can make a difference to the future of dealing with disasters.

Conference topics particularly encouraged

We are keen to receive proposals for papers or sessions relating to the following, though other contributions associated with the conference theme absent from this list will also be considered:

  • Understanding uncertainties to reduce gaps to action
  • Using poverty led actions to address disaster risk
  • Developing public-private-civil societal-academic partnerships in disaster and development work
  • Investing in safer human habitats – safety science – post disaster reconstruction and building resilience
  • Experiential and intuitive learning in disaster and development contexts
  • Engaging demographic change – child centred and elderly persons disaster risk reduction
  • Health and wellbeing centred disaster reduction
  • Social and economic mobility, displacement and adaptation
  • Visualisation and communication in disaster risk reduction
  • Social protection, insurance and human security
  • Risk governance, education, development and collective decision making
  • ‘The risk governance, scientific advisors, science and policy interface’ (This theme already identified as a Special Session – proposals for papers are invited)
  • Complex ‘Natech’ disasters – critical scenario development
  • Developing applications of forensic science, emergency management and disaster warning systems
  • A new humanitarianism

Conference Features

The conference will include plenary, parallel, poster, panel, ‘young scientists’ and doctoral sessions.

A full set of double blind peer reviewed proceedings will be produced with special editions of journals / book. Several publishers are interested in providing outlets for this event.

Further partnerships and sponsorships in progress.

Dates

December 15th Opening of official website and registration; abstract and session proposals by email;

March 30th Abstract and session proposals closing;

April 30th Notification of session and abstract acceptance;

May 15th Announcement of conference programme;

June 30th Deadline for early registration

July 15th Deadline for full paper submissions

July 15th Deadline for additional poster submissions

August 31st Deadline for normal period registration

Associated meetings and events at DwD2013 / IDRiM 2013 include:

IDRiM Society Board Meeting and General Assembly

British Festival of Science (BSF) 7th – 12th September, Newcastle including a specially hosted DwD/IDRiM 2103 high level panel on; ‘Communication and Disaster Reduction: the future of science, education and politics in negotiating uncertain nature’ (7th Sept).

Meeting of the Global Summit of Research Institutes for Disaster Risk Reduction

Meeting of the Disaster and Development Alliance – ‘UK Champions for Change Initiative’

Delphe – British Council / DFID meeting on ‘Disaster Education for Community Resilience’

Meeting of the Japan-UK Disaster Risk Reduction Study Programme

Board Meetings of at least three international journals focussed on disaster reduction

… other meetings and events to be added by June 2013

Contacts:

For more information please contact:

sz.dwdconf@northumbria.ac.uk

society@idrim.org

For Conference flier click here.

IDRiM 2012 Conference

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IDRiM 2012 Conference

From surprise to Rationality: Managing unprecedented Large-Scale Disasters

The 3rd Conference of the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM Society) was held at Beijing Normal University on 7-9 September 2012.

Purpose

The purpose of the conference was to promote discussion on integrated risk governance issues for large-scale disasters. Researchers in the field of disaster risk research from developed countries in North America, Europe, and East Asia and developing countries in Asia, Africa, and South America are invited to gather in Beijing to take part in this conference. Conference participants will spend three days engaged in intensive discussions on the scientific, technical, economic, financial, and educational issues regarding large-scale disasters. The ultimate purpose is to find new approaches to coping with natural disasters, identify ways to fill the gap between science and implementation, and enhance collective decision making.

 

IDRiM 2012

IDRiM 2012

Achievement and Results

The IDRiM2012 Conference was a great success. The three day conference included two invited keynote speakers, two panel sessions with the participation of well-known experts in various fields, 12 special specialized parallel sessions and a Young Scientist interactive poster session by young researchers. There were a total of 162 participants from 31 countries, of which 83 were from outside of China.

The conference started with opening remarks from Prof. Fanghua Hao, Vice-President of Beijing Normal University and Prof. Norio Okada, President of the IDRiM Society. The opening remarks were followed by a keynote speech by Prof. Haresh Shah from Stanford University (United States) on Integrated disaster risk management. Highlights from the first day included a plenary panel session where invited experts presented arguments and promoted discussion regarding Critical Issues of Unprecedented Large Scale Disasters (LSD), and the well-attended Young Scientists interactive poster session with more than 30 participants. Parallel session topics included risk assessment and modeling of LSD and new trends and development of disaster risk research; a session on models and management options for Natech risks and a session on monitoring, forecasting and early warning systems for LSDs. The first day finished with a reception and launching of the Global University Consortium for Integrated Disaster Risk Governance.

Prof. Douglas Paton from University of Tasmania, Australia, provided an insightful keynote speech on Disaster Resilient Communities: Personal, Community, Societal and Cultural Influences. This was followed by a plenary panel session on Integrated Risk Governance and Global Change with the participation of distinguished guests from Europe, US, China and Japan. The second day included parallel sessions concerning economic consequence analysis of LSDs and the promotion of catastrophe insurance schemes for risk management of LSDs. Global change, environmental risks and adaption, as well as risk governance issues such as education, communication and collective decision-making were the topics of two other parallel sessions. The General Assembly of the IDRiM Society was also held on the second day, followed by the conference banquet which promoted friendly exchange and networking and was the opportunity to award papers presented for the Young Scientist poster session.

The third and final day of the conference started with an important discussion on planning and management of disaster recovery and reconstruction following LSDs. Parallel sessions covered topics such as multi-hazards and cascading effects, economic consequences of LSDs, and disaster preparedness and post-disaster governance issues based on lessons from Algeria, China, Japan and Taiwan. The conference was closed with a wrap-up and summary session on lessons learned and emerging issues from the conference.

Spotlights

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Best Young Scientists Awarded
During the IDRiM 2014 Conference the top 10 papers submitted to the YSS received recognition.
The first Prize went to Mimi Shi, from Beijing Normal University, China, for the paper entitled: “A Comparative study on key elements of post-disaster recovery process in the United States and China —Case study of Greensburg and Nanba”. The second prize was awarded to Nicholas Agam, Western University, Canada, for the work entitled: “Development of Inundation maps for the Vancouver coastline under a changing climate”, and the third place was awarded to Xing Wei, Beijing Normal University, China, for the paper entitled: “Risk assessment of agricultural production by crop forecast and prediction”.

IDRiM 2011 Conference

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IDRiM2011 CONFERENCE

Reframing Disasters and Identifying Deficits in Risk Governance

The 2nd Conference (IDRiM2011) of the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM Society) was held at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles, United States, on 14-16 July 2011. The conference was co-organized by the Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) of Kyoto University, and supported by the Japan Foundation, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.

The conference theme, “Reframing Disasters and Reflecting on Risk Governance Deficits,” stemmed from the analysis of recent events including the Haiti and Chile earthquakes, the volcanic ash disruption to European air space (as well as interconnected airlines, businesses, and people around the world), and the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, the devastating Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan on 11 March 2011 which triggered the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi power plant have shown that even in a country with some of the best earthquake and tsunami construction and disaster preparedness and mitigation systems in place there are gaps in risk management. These events have highlighted several important points: the need to rethink the way we design our infrastructure and protection and mitigation barriers; the need to address/ manage disasters locally, but also the need to consider their potential impacts globally; and the need to identify and address risk governance deficits as well as the need for more transparency in the governance and management of high risk activities. Integrated disaster risk management is needed that uses multi-hazard, interdisciplinary, multi-stakeholder, and comprehensive approaches to disaster risk reduction.

Several well-known national and international speakers participated at the conference including six keynote speakers:

James Featherstone (Director, City of Los Angeles Emergency Management Department)
Kathleen Tierney (Director, Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado, USA)
Detlof von Winterfeldt (Director, IIASA, Austria)
George Apostolakis (Commissioner, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
Erwann Michel-Kierjan (Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, US)
Yoshiaki Kawata (Kansai University, Japan)George Apostolakis (Commissioner, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
Erwann Michel-Kierjan (Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, US)
Yoshiaki Kawata (Kansai University, Japan)

The conference covered various topics including:

  • The Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan on 11 March 2011.
  • Post-disaster reconstruction and recovery
  • Resilience as an approach to integrated disaster risk management
  • Megacities and disasters
  • Transportation systems
  • Critical infrastructure
  • Climate change adaptation, linking climate change and weather-related disasters
  • Conjoint natural and technological (Natech) disasters
  • Social vulnerability
  • Socio-economic strategies for disaster risk reduction
  • Information management and sharing
  • The Future and Limitations of Catastrophe Models
  • Disaster debris management
  • Terrorism risk
  • Young scientists research session

For more information please visit the IDRiM Society website at: www.idrim.org.

E-mail inquiries may be sent to: society@idrim.org

IDRiM 2010 Conference

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Sharing IDRiM experiences under different socio-economic and cultural contexts

The 1st IDRiM Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM Society) was held at University Natural Resources and applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Austria on 1 – 4 September 2010.

Losses of human lives and economic losses from natural disasters have increased dramatically in the last decades. Especially developing regions are highly vulnerable to natural disasters. The objective of this conference, similar to the previous events,was to contribute to the development and to the implementation of an integrated disaster risk management approach with the emphasis on sharing the experiences obtained under different cultural and socio-economic settings. The participants included scientists from different disaster related disciplines as well as practitioners, representatives of NGOs and policy makers from different regions.

The reduction of escalating losses from natural disasters is essential for sustainable development. Considering that the poorest groups of the society suffer disproportionally from natural hazards IDRiM strategies were promoted which contribute to a socially balanced development.

Past IIASA-DPRI Conferences

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9th IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Scientific Challenges in Implementing Integrated Disaster Risk Management in a Changing World.” 		Kyoto
Japan.		 12-16 October
2009
8th IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Integration and Multi-disciplinarity.” .		 Induno-Olona Italy 1-2 September
2008
7th IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Coping with Disasters: Global Challenge for the 21st Century and Beyond.”		 Stresa
Italy		 19-21September
2007
6th IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Risk and Challenges for Business and Industry.”		 Istanbul
Turkey		 13-17 August 2006
5th IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Innovations in Science and Policy.”		 Beijing
China		 14-18 September
2005
4th IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Challenges and Implementation.” 		Ravello
Italy		 3-7 July
2004
3rd IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Coping with Regional Vulnerability.” 		Kyoto
Japan		 3-5 July
2003
2nd IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Megacity Vulnerability and Resilience.”		 Laxenbourg
Austria		 29-31 July
2002
1st IIASA-DPRI Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management:
“Reducing Socio-Economic Vulnerability.”		 Laxenbourg
Austria		 1-4 August
2001

The 2nd International Workshop on Risk Governance of the Maritime Global Critical Infrastructure was held in Kyoto in November 2010

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The 2nd International Workshop on Risk Governance of Maritime Global Critical Infrastructure co-organized by the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) and Kyoto University was held in Kyoto on 5-6 November 2010. The workshop built upon the work carried out during a 1st Workshop, also held in Kyoto in 2009. The workshops provided a neutral platform for global multi-stakeholder dialogue on the risk governance of maritime global critical infrastructure (MGCI) using the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (hereafter referred to as the Straits) as a case study. The straits of Malacca and Singapore are not only the most important artery in worldwide trade and the major driver of the economy of Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore but also a passage of strategic importance and an area of prime ecological interest. As such they constitute a prime example of a maritime global critical infrastructure. Although the straits dispose of a rather complete set of technologies and processes to ensure undisrupted navigation, notably through traffic separation, the geographical constraints of the deep sea channels, the proximity to critical land infrastructure and economic activity give the straits a significant vulnerability to hazards of natural, technical, human or malicious origin.

The two workshops were attended by participants from Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Korea, China, India, Canada, and the European Union. Key stakeholders who participated shared their knowledge and concerns from the perspectives of the littoral states (along the Straits), user states, port authorities, and shipping, logistics and insurance companies. The first workshop used the IRGC Risk Governance Framework [IRGC, 2005, 2008] to structure discussions and to identify risk governance issues in the Straits. The second workshop focused analysis on specific scenarios of high impact events that have never been experienced in the Straits of Malacca but are real concerns for all stakeholders to identify risk governance deficits and recommendations.

A scenario-based approach was used and allowed stakeholders to imagine events that would lead to some worst-case outcomes. The scenario development was grounded by expert knowledge and where possible, supported by evidence from current and reputable data sources to ensure that concerns were based as much as possible on factual information. Participants performed an initial impact assessment to evaluate the existing mechanisms in terms of resiliency and coping capacity in responding to events in the imagined scenarios. This assessment exposed risk governance deficits as defined within IRGC’s risk governance framework [IRGC, 2009, 2010].

The scenario-based analyses demonstrated that beyond traditional incidents (e.g. simple collision or sinking) significant unexplored threats and risk cascades, affecting both sea and land, gain from being explored. Given the systems of systems nature of the straits and the multiple stakeholders – from local level to regional straits countries, consideration of a wider scope including the user countries and global – as well as the private sector, international organisations and the population, the scenarios have revealed potential risk governance deficits, in insufficient awareness to new threats, potential lack of early warning, the unequal organisational capacity and the difficulty of dealing with dispersed responsibilities among stakeholders with diverging interests, to cite only a few. There are numerous existing measures such as the Cooperative Mechanism that have proven effective in preventing and mitigating hazards in the straits, notably in the cases of piracy or oil spills. However, some need to be strengthened, particularly, because not all scenarios and new emerging risks are covered, which leads to some major recommendations. Their implementation does not necessarily require the creation of new institutions, but could build on the existing frameworks and organizations. These include:

1) Extend the scope of the existing emergency response system from oil spills to an all hazard approach, with the definition of processes and command chains, including an appropriate joint emergency operations centre performing regular exercises.

2) Develop standard methodologies, tools and procedures for risk assessment of maritime infrastructure and operations, that start with all possible triggering events, notably in terms of security (i.e. man-made attacks, including cyber-security), based on generally accepted frameworks.

3) Put in place a contingency plan in case of closure of the straits, including alternative routes (navigational charts, navigation aids, …)

4) Conduct a comprehensive joint risk governance assessment of the environmental impact of the navigation in the straits with the aim of verifying the appropriateness, consistency and sufficiency of existing policies and their implementation.

5) All these efforts could benefit from an observatory, embedded within some existing institution or potentially the emergency operations centre suggested above, that would act as a neutral platform collecting and evaluating data into an impartial knowledge system and providing advice as a think tank.